![]() Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Archives of General Psychiatry 1963, 9 324–333.īeck, A. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1978, 87 49–74.īandura, A. Learned helplesness in humans: Critique and reformulation. The ATQ-30 may provide a means of testing basic theory relating cognitive content to behavioral and affective processes and assessing change in cognitions associated with experimental manipulation or psychotherapeutic intervention.Ībramson, L. Factor analysis indicated a four-factor solution, with a large first factor reflecting Personal Maladjustment, a second factor indicative of Negative Self-Concept and Negative Expectations, and two lesser factors. No differences were found between males and females on the measure. The resultant 30-item automatic thoughts questionnaire ( ATQ-30) was cross-validated and found to significantly discriminate psychometrically depressed from nondepressed criterion groups. Thirty items discriminating between criterion groups of psychometrically depressed and nondepressed subjects were identified. One hundred representative cognitions were selected and administered to a second sample, along with the MMPI D scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Male and female undergraduates were asked to recall dysphoric experiences and to report associated cognitions. A 30-item questionnaire was devised to measure the frequency of occurrence of automatic negative thoughts ( negative self-statements) associated with depression.
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